Performance errors may cause serious consequences. It has been reported that ongoing activity
of the frontal control regions across trials associates with the occurrence of performance errors.
However, neural mechanisms that cause performance errors remain largely unknown. In this study,
we hypothesized that some neural functions required for correct outcomes are lacking just before
performance errors, and to determine this lack of neural function we applied a spatiotemporal
analysis to high-density electroencephalogram signals recorded during a visual discrimination task,
a d2 test of attention. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a difference in the temporal
development of scalp ERP between trials with error, and correct outcomes as seen by topography
during the d2 test of attention. We observed differences in the signal potential in the frontal region
and then the occipital region between reaction times matched with correct and error outcomes. Our
observations suggest that lapses of top-down signals from frontal control regions cause performance
errors just after the lapses.
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