Liquid-phase exfoliation (LPE) of graphite is a promising method to produce few-layer graphene (FLG) in
large quantities. Selection of the solvent or surfactant is the most important factor in determining the
productivity of LPE and the stability of the liquid FLG dispersion. To find efficient solvent systems for
improving the production of FLG, various approaches based on previous research, including addition of a
surfactant and use of binary solvents, are investigated using a pressure homogenizer. Over the range of
solvents and surfactants used in our study, we find that the greatest improvement in the production of
FLG results from the addition of an alkaline aqueous solution (pH 11) into organic solvents. Moreover, we
find that this approach works for the probe-sonication method of FLG production as well as for various
types of natural graphite. Solvent molecular size and electrostatic repulsion of graphene in liquid play
important roles in improving the production of FLG because they mitigate the restacking of FLG during
exfoliation.
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