Water temperature, which is a key characteristic of stream ecosystems, is controlled by various natural and anthropogenic heat exchange processes. The present study assessed the roles of the surface-subsurface water exchange and the anthropogenic discharge from wastewater effluents on surface stream temperature in summer and winter seasons using field measurement data. The analysis of water and heat budgets were carried out to quantify the impacts of each energy component on stream temperature and a 1-D dynamic model for river flow and heat transport was applied to evaluate the influences of wastewater and surface-subsurface water exchange on stream temperature.
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